![]() ![]() Removing these duplicates left 1,031 words in the sample. Three of the English words translated to the same Dutch word. The 1,034 ANEW words were translated into Dutch by a native speaker. In SPANEW, translations of the ANEW words were rated by native Spanish speakers using a similar procedure (see Redondo et al., 2007).ĭANEW was created for the present study, adapting Bradley and Lang’s ( 1999) procedure for computerized data collection (see Appendix B in the Supplementary online materials). Participants were told to mark one of the manikins or a space between two adjacent manikins (see Bradley & Lang, 1999). Participants used a pencil to rate valence on a 9-point scale composed of five self-assessment manikins (SAMs), which ranged from a smiling figure at the positive end of the scale to a frowning figure at the negative end. We analyzed valence-normed words from three corpora (see Appendix A in the Supplementary online materials): the Affective Norms for English Words corpus (ANEW Bradley & Lang, 1999), and two translation equivalents of ANEW in Spanish (SPANEW Redondo, Fraga, Padrón, & Comesaña, 2007) and Dutch (DANEW).ĪNEW consists of 1,034 words. Widespread typing introduces a new mechanism by which semantic changes in language can arise.Įxperiment 1 tested for associations between the side of the QWERTY keyboard on which letters are located and the emotional valence of words that are spelled with these letters, in three languages. Although these data are correlational, the discovery of a similar pattern across languages, which was strongest in neologisms, suggests that the QWERTY keyboard is shaping the meanings of words as people filter language through their fingers. ![]() This effect was strongest in new words coined after QWERTY was invented and was also found in pseudowords. Words with more right-side letters were rated as more positive in valence, on average, than words with more left-side letters: the QWERTY effect. We found the predicted relationship between emotional valence and QWERTY key position across three languages (English, Spanish, and Dutch). In three experiments, we tested whether asymmetries in the way people interact with keys on the right and left of the keyboard influence their evaluations of the emotional valence of the words. Some words are spelled with more letters on the right side of the keyboard and others with more letters on the left. Here, we investigated whether differences in the way words are typed correspond to differences in their meanings. The QWERTY keyboard mediates communication for millions of language users. ![]()
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